(1) Strengthen fire control management and improve fire protection awareness
First of all, it is necessary to formulate a comprehensive emergency response plan and standardize emergency response procedures. Conduct field drills according to the plan to improve the skills of fire fighting and evacuation at the initial stage of the accident. Secondly, conduct necessary fire safety publicity and education for the experimenters, so that all experimenters can achieve the "three understandings" (that is, understand the dangers of their posts, understand the preventive measures, and understand the rescue methods), "three meetings" (will report to the police, meet Use fire extinguishers to escape); third, the person in charge of fire safety in the chemical laboratory must fully understand fire safety and fire fighting knowledge, be familiar with emergency evacuation plans, and have a certain ability of emergency evacuation and fire fighting command; fourth, strengthen the chemical experiment The importance of fire safety in the office should be checked frequently, special checks in special periods, and key checks in key periods, and timely measures are taken to rectify problems when problems are found.
(2) Choose the correct processing method
1. Prevent explosion
Chemical laboratories, especially organic chemistry laboratories, commonly use flammable and explosive substances or their mixtures. When using these substances, the most important thing is the accumulation and sudden release of a large amount of flammable and explosive substances, pressure and heat that cannot be present. In the experiment, the following measures can be taken to wake up and prepare:
(1) Try to choose safer reagents.
(2) When using explosive substances, the single dosage should be as small as possible, and at the same time be precautionary.
(3) There should be no combustible substances around flammable and explosive materials. Explosive items should be protected from sudden vibration and overheating.
(4) If there is a dangerous reaction of explosion or fire, it is necessary to wake up several small-scale tests first, and then gradually enlarge it.
(5) For the exothermic reaction, the addition of reactants should be carried out gradually, in small quantities and several times.
(6) Distillation and reflux of organic solvents should avoid overheating and bumping.
2. Prevent fire
First of all, it is necessary to clarify the level of flammable substances and formulate measures to prevent accidents. Flammable objects include solid, liquid and gas three states. Flammable solids such as red phosphorus and its compounds, nitro compounds, certain amino compounds, products containing nitrocellulose, and flammable metal powders such as magnesium and aluminum. Flammable liquids mainly include oils such as petroleum and its products and finished products, and organic solvents such as alcohols, esters, ethers, and aldehydes. Flammable gases include coal gas and hydrogen, and combustion-supporting gases include oxygen and chlorine.
Many of the chemical substances produced during the experiment are flammable, especially organic solvents, which are highly volatile and extremely flammable. Operations with flammable organic solvents must be carried out in a fume hood to avoid the accumulation of organic solvent vapors in the laboratory. A large amount of organic solvents should not be stored in the laboratory, and a special well-ventilated storage room should be provided. Organic chemistry laboratories are generally not allowed to use open flame heating. The safer heating methods include water bath, steam bath, immersion oil bath, electric heating mantle, electric heating plate, etc. Combustible materials such as filter paper, cotton and cloth cannot be baked in the electric oven and muffle furnace. Do not dry too many utensils at a time, do not use aluminum foil to separate the oven, and ensure that the air in the oven is convective to make the thermostat work normally. The used sodium metal container should be treated with isopropanol or ethanol for more than 2 hours, then poured into a large amount of water (do not add water to the bottle), and finally rinse with water. Sodium metal is on fire. Do not use carbon dioxide or carbon tetrachloride fire extinguishers. Use sand or dry powder fire extinguishers. Metal hydride will react violently when contacting water and cause burning or explosion. Pay attention to waterproofing when using, and the air must be dry. Excess metal hydride can be destroyed with ethyl acetate or acetone.